Rench's Nursing: Degrees & Research

My name is Nurse Rench, and I understand there were some concerns about my initial Elementary Nursing 101 lecture. I will try not to be so colorful this time.

We are surrounded by sickness and death worming its ways through the bloated bellies of the Baby Boom generation, which may now be our collective doom. 40% of nurses are currently over the age of fifty, with fewer people entering the field before thirty. Nurses will begin retiring at record numbers in 2012, just as the population is increasingly in need of their services. You can use this to your advantage, if you are willing to put in the work.

You should be aware of hierarchy. The lowly nurse's aide can walk in off the street and gain employment. A Certified Nurse's Aid receives a few months' worth of basic training, but is still at an entry level disadvantage against experienced uncertified aides, with a slightly higher eventual pay grade.

The Licensed Practical Nurse is subject to a rigorous year long accredited program, bringing with it a much greater amount of responsibility and broader skill set. After passing the National Council Licensing Examination for LPNs, they earn nearly twice as much as an experienced CNA. They provide basic direct technical care to clients under the supervision of a Registered Nurse.

A general RN will assess client's conditions, draft a care plan, and monitor its effectiveness. They graduate through diploma, associates, or bachelor's degrees, often studying within a hospital setting to accrue a wealth of clinical experience before actually serving as RNs. In fact, the American Nurses Association has resolved that an associates should only grant entry to technical nursing practice (AN,) with the baccalaureate a minimum for professional practice (RN.) As a straight shot, a bachelor of science in nursing takes four years, although a person who already has another bachelor's can piggyback it to pass through a 12-18 month accelerated program. From there, a master's takes a year-and-a-half or two.

Continuing education is necessary for expanding your knowledge base, progressing in your career, and keeping abreast of scientific, technological, and legal changes applicable to your field. Most employers compel their staff to attend in-service education relevant to their practice. Often, the state will mandate the need to spend 15-30 hours in CE to renew your license every few years, but you might also use it as an opportunity to work toward specialization.

A Nurse Educator like myself requires a PhD and brings down $50-75,000 a year. The Nurse Researcher is your overeducated academic, requiring a doctorate to make $60-75,000 annually. A Nurse Administrator is in management, which demands at least a bachelors and about 80K. A Clinical Nurse Specialist provides direct client care, acts as an educator, manages, consults and researches in their specific area of expertise to the tune of $75-90K a year. An RN certified by the American College of Nurse Midwives handles pre-and-postnatal care, manages delivers, and other duties often associated with the OB/GYN for a high five. Surprisingly, a Nurse Practitioner, who's practically a doctor these days, can expect the same. A Nurse Anesthetist can earn in the low-to-mid six figures for their work, but it is a boring, empty job with brief moments of enormous intensity when things go awry. The sky's the limit for a Nurse Entrepreneur, but it requires an advanced degree and business savvy.

All nurses are expected by the ANA to include research as part of their standards of professional performance, with emphasis on evidence-based practice (EBP) to substantiate their clinical decisions. The two major approaches to investigating diverse phenomena are quantitative (left brain hard data) and qualitative (subjective, anecdotal responses.) The human subjects of this research must be afforded their full rights as sentient beings. They include the rights of self-determination, full disclosure, privacy & confidentiality, as well as the most important, the right not to be harmed.

There are four criteria to determine the value of researching a question or problem. The first is significance, as in uncovering the biographical details of New Bloods left out of the Skybox trading card set because they were created in Batman-related titles to which Fleer had already been awarded the license. None of those characters mattered, most are dead, and few mourn their passing.

The second criteria is researchability, which proves that no one researched a dictionary before drafting the criteria. You may ask "What if god was one of us-- just a slob like one of us-- a stranger on the bus trying to make his way home?" However, the question lacks specificity, as there are thousands of documented deities active within the universe, and the scope of most nursing does not include the mystical arts.

The third criteria is feasibility, as in launching a study into the Silver Age mating habits of Martians. While elements of various ages of Kryptonian mating manifest to this day across the multiverse, good luck getting a grant to investigate Martian continuity buried under the three Crisis-level universe-spanning reboots.

The final criteria is the researcher's own interest, as they will rely on their obsession to drive them to fully pursue their studies. Perhaps you are an expert on the Red Tornado, but do you truly have the willpower to make it to Will Power and successfully complete a thesis on Primal Force?

The quantitative researcher must address their dependent variable, which is the subject they wish to explain or predict; and the independent variable, the catalyst that influences the activity of the subject. For instance, let's say one's purpose was to analyze the illness of DC Comics from the mid-90s. You might define the purpose of the study with the Jewish maxim "never again," then you must review the literature (Xenobrood, Extreme Justice, etc.) You must formulate a research hypothesis like "Zero Hour was mostly just an excuse to launch a bunch of shoddy titles and tidy up a bit of continuity in as lucrative a manner as possible." Your dependent variable might be #0 issues, and the independent variable would probably be the speculator market. From there, a research design must be settled upon; a population needs to be sampled; empirical data collected, verified and analyzed; and the conclusions shared.

Conversely, the qualitative researcher collects narrative data through interviews and observations which they transcribe and organize to construct conclusions. For instance, phenomenology might set aside sections of readers who had or had not read Campbell or Moorecock in determining their influence on how Hawkman fans felt about the eternal hero gestalt incarnation. Ethnology might look into the difference in responses between hetero-and-homosexual readers to the Legion of Super-Heroes reboot. Grounded theory might address whether people were ecstatic or merely content when Jared Stevens was stabbed to death by his own dagger of Fate.

That is all for today.

Eating Matters Lad: Carbohydrates

The following is an educational presentation with little humorous or geek value. Reader discretion is advised.



Greetings assembled sentients! I am Tenzil Kem of Bismoll, although I expect you will all know me from my Legion of Super-Heroes codename Matter-Eater Lad. I'm sure we all recognize that the most expedient passageway to the positive emotional response center is via the sustenance processing mechanism. Certainly the United Planets does, which is why I've been asked to run this seminar on intergalactic diplomacy through the culinary arts. Since bipedal Caucasoids make up a mathematically improbable proportion of known life, we will begin with their nutritional perimeters.

Food is an essential part of the "human" experience, and ranked alongside oxygen within Maslow's hierarchy of needs. The most efficient and often delicious food source for the humanoid is the carbohydrate molecule, composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. A single carb molecule, called a monosaccharide, is so simple and potent that it need not even be digested. However, this simple sugar will cause spikes in energy rather than a consistent resource pool, and should be employed sparingly. A couple of examples are fructose, derived from fruits or honey, and galactose (no relation,) found in the lactate of some animals.

The most important single carb is glucose/dextrose, the blood sugar that powers body cells, which you can combine with a monosaccharide to form a disacchardide. Glucose and galactose form lactose, of which which many humans are sadly intolerant, even though it helps strengthen bone, produce the vitamin K, and promote the growth of helpful gastrointestinal flora. Glucose and fructose form sucrose, often referred to as simply "sugar." Technicians can also convert glucose and fructose into a powerful narcotic which has been outlawed on Earth since the 21st century, but you can still find scofflaws producing high fructose corn syrup from rural stills. You can also string a couple of glucose together, but the resulting maltose isn't naturally occurring, and is mostly used by industry for additional flavoring and color.

You have to include glucose in all disacchardides, and they all break back down into glucose during digestion. Once blood sugar levels rise after eating, the pancreas secretes insulin, which directs glucose out of the bloodstream and into cells. The postprandial period follows a meal, in which bodily processes regulate the flow of glucose to maintain an even keel, sugarwise. Ingested fructose and galactose are converted to glucose and gradually released from the liver as blood sugar levels drop in the body, under the direction of the pancreas when it secretes glucogon.



Once you start getting more complex with your carbohydrate strings, you can really start cooking with polysaccharides. For instance, after plants synthesize glucose, they store some in the form of starch. These can be found in grains, which remain Earth's major food crop, and the foundation of all Earthling diets. There are also starchy vegetables, like potatoes, dried peas and beans. Starches begin to digest through saliva, but most of the work is done in the small intestine. 95% of starch ingested by humans is digested within 1-4 hours. Whatever doesn't pass muster is eliminated through stool.

The animal equivalent to starch is glycogen, but it's tough to come by, because it converts to lactic acid during the slaughtering process. If you get the chance to eat, say, a cow whole, you'll note an unfamiliar sweet tang. You can find a bit in some shellfish, as well. Animals store glycogen as an energy source between meals. The human liver breaks the stuff down to maintain consistent blood sugar levels.

Finally, there's fiber, which cannot be digested by human enzymes. Instead, it helps control blood fats (cholesterol,) serves as an energy source for colon bacteria, and generally aides in waste elimination. It is very important to remember that because fiber varies in solubility and impairs absorption of some minerals, it must be used in moderation. Thirty grams daily is recommended, with plenty of water, or the fiber will bunch up and inhibit elimination.

Per Galactipedia, "Human homeostasis refers to the body's ability to physiologically regulate its inner environment to ensure its stability in response to fluctuations in the outside environment and the weather." Part of your role in this process is to consult the Glycemic Index, which organizes foods based on their impact upon blood sugar. Sugary foods are good for high spirits, but the crash that follows can be leveled out by other foods. Also, your menus should cater to specific needs, as an athlete will burn through massive amounts of carbs, while a diabetic will have to make up for an excess of sugar elsewhere in their diet. Ultimately, glucose metabolism will have to balance out the need to burn energy (catabolism) and build compounds for other bodily purposes (anabolism.) Carbs provide the raw energy payload, with glucose exclusively providing all human brainpower.



In the event that the human body is deprived of carbohydrates, it will begin to devour any resident fats or proteins. Without glucose, fats cannot be completely broken down. The acidic intermediate fat compounds are called ketone bodies, which will accumulate in the bloodstream to cause fatigue, nausea, the absence of appetite and dehydration.

When crafting a human diet, consider that it is recommended that carbohydrates make up 45-65% of total caloric intake, to the tune of about 130 grams daily. Added sugars should not exceed 25% of total calories, and 14g of fiber should be included in every 1,000 calories ingested. Male bipeds typically need more fiber, so you might target them with 38g daily, and fems should receive 25g. Healthy selections include whole grains and fibrous fruits & vegetables.

Humans do have a sweet tooth, which can be accounted for through discretionary calories within a diet and with sugar substitutes. Sugar alcohols are roughly half to three quarters as sweet as sugar. They are incompletely absorbed by the body, so that they only account for 1½-3 calories per gram and are less impactful on blood glucose. They can give folks the runs, though. There are also synthesized nonnutritive sweeteners with zero glucose impact or caloric value.

Already beings, go out there and play with some monosaccharide. We'll meet back here next week to discuss protein...

Rench's Introduction to Elementary Nursing

My name is Nurse Rench, and I will be your instructor in Elementary Nursing 101. I have been practicing since 1987, and have fought hard to stamp out the image of Sairy Gamp. If I could, I would plunge my sturdy digits into either side of her stout maw, rend her jawbone and upper palette from her despicable face, grind the bone with mortar and pestle, then bake it all into a meat cake to serve her for dinner. Figuratively, I should say, as that act would violate my role as a registered nurse.

Nursing sprang from the traditional role of women as sister, daughter, wife, mother and occasional prostitute for rent money. This was the female as caretaker of the home and the greater community. Men and the unmarried woman in the poor paying profession were treated like dirty, stupid, conniving, non-turn-signaling, thieving, unhygienic, no-tipping, toothless, puddle-splashing, leprous, balding, depraved, check-bouncing, chronically-masturbating criminals of low character and funky feet. This was partly true, but also a product of the typical patriarchal thinking of man-doctors protecting their withered, limp little reputations from the woman superior in her native realm. The popular redemption of nurses began with Florence Nightingale, whose sanitary techniques and well-rounded nursing theories saved many good soldiers from nose-picking, amputation happy mad "doctors" who should have stuck to their day job as barbers. Other wartime heroines continued this trend, and on through to the present, thanks to the representation of “Hot Lips” Houlihan and the esteemed Nurses Naughty, Ratched, Jackie, HawthoRNe and Chapel of the Starship Enterprise.

A patient is defined as a person who is under medical care or treatment. As the shortage of health care professionals against an ever-growing population calls for a better educated public, and as little time spent in hospital as possible, this term is increasingly narrow in usage. More commonly, we have consumers, a person or organization that uses a commodity or service. Rather than mute handmaidens or midwives consigned to the shadow of doctors, nurses now have the freedom of the rōnin, lordless samurai in service to homeopathy who must uphold the code of our profession until death, or else lose our honor and be condemned to eleven hells of our own design. We must ever aspire to be shōgun of health, upholding the best interests of our client, a person who engages the advice or services of a qualified professional.

Nurse! Stand at attention! Tell me what is the scope of nursing! To drive forth health and wellness, to crush illness, to restore the exaltation of the healthy, and to ease the lamentation of the dying! You may perform these duties in hospitals, but you might also roam from home to home, entertain the ambulatory at clinical pagoda, open your own dōjō, serve the misbegotten at community agencies, attended the dank temple of the dread lord HMO, or dwell like a noble vulture over extended care facilities for the aged and infirm. El Pien, you are tasked to act as an agent of change, afforded the responsibility which comes with the autonomy granted by whichever jurisdiction through which you pass. Seek the Nurse Practice Act of your territory, and know your own limitations. Understand that you must always observe the Standards of Nursing Practice, but mind the feudal lords of your region, who may make additional demands of your personage.

I am every woman. It is all in me. I am every nurse, and must function simultaneously in every functional capacity of my chosen profession. I am the caregiver, preserving the integrity of my client in mind, body and spirit, assuring their continued dignity and maintaining their esteem. I will restore my client to fullest greatness possible. I am the communicator, ears perked, eyes keen, nose sniffing, tongue clicking, fingers probing, and mind calculating all before me. I will comprehend-- I will determine-- I will rapport. I am the teacher, educating my client and their clan in the bushidō of vitality. My own inferior delegates will be wizened by my knowledge.I am ombudsman, an advocate to my client before physicians, kin, and whomever would deviate from their will. I shall be their steely tongue. I am the counselor, addressing their psychological and social stresses. Neither Svengali nor sycophant, I will see to their emotional and intellectual well-being. I am change agent, an explosive catalyst in the trench war, down with the sickness. I will drop like a hydrogen bomb in the land of confusion, abreast of advancements and options, obliterating our enemies. I am a leader, influencing all interested parties and directing them toward the optimal. I am a manager, spying upon and directing ancillary drones in service to the client. I am the case manager, part of a multidisciplinary team in assessing the effectiveness of our strategies. I am a research consumer, ever questing for the best services and developments for my client.

Nurse Potential, you as I must unrelentingly be a professional. This is an occupation requiring extensive education, exceptional knowledge, precise skill, careful preparation, and willingness to yoke oneself wholly to service as prescribed by our ethical and operational code. You are in the process of professionalization, but you cannot be a Professional until you embody our spirit, our character, our creed. You are allowed to profit from your services, but the service itself must be your paramount motivation. Whatever the personal cost, against all adversity, you must be conditioned to know your role. In nearly all circumstances, you will be the last acting agent, with the accountability of all resting on your shoulders. No attorney can defend you, no responsibility can be shirked. Atlas' shrug dooms all.

Enough. Our class time is over. Go read on your own time, for all of your time, or you will fail my class...

See also: American Nurses Association's STANDARDS OF PROFESSIONAL NURSING PRACTICE
National Student Nurses’ Association, Inc. Code of Academic and Clinical Conduct (PDF)
Benner's Stages of Clinical Competence, not to be confused with Banner's Stages of Gamma Radiation Exposure.

Gotham Community College LPN Application Procedure Overview

Hello, I'm Doctor Leslie Thompkins. I spent decades overseeing a free clinic in Gotham City's stricken Bowery District, too often identified through the inappropriate and highly derogatory nickname of "Crime Alley." Unfortunately, I ran afoul of a local billionaire who shall remain nameless, and as part of my rebuilding process, I am currently offering this brief online preparatory piece for potential nursing students at Gotham Community College (home of the Killer Crocs, I am told, to much dismay.)

Prospective students must first complete an application and supply educational transcripts, such as a GED, high school diploma, or college documentation. I must stress your sources must be properly accredited, and that disreputable online schools or organizations such as Professor Proxon’s Crime College do not meet minimum requirements to allow student entry. Foreign transcripts will also need to be evaluated by the school's nursing office, as many credits will not transfer, depending on your school and country. Transcripts from Badhnisia or Modora should be requested a minimum of eight months in advance to assure timely receipt. Also, I'm afraid the dreadful Patriot Act prohibits our accepting any applicants from Zandia, as it is regarded as a terrorist state. Such persons should please exit quietly without further contact, or I am compelled by law to report your presence to the NSA.

All prospective students must take the NIGMA college placement exam and score a minimum score of 7 in math, reading and writing, or they must enroll in remedial classes to be brought up to speed.

Having successfully completed these prerequisites, prospective students will be placed in a pool and reviewed by the nursing staff. Typically, one in three will be accepted into the school's program, and will receive an introductory email if selected. You must reply to the email within 72 hours, and prepare for an orientation two weeks thereafter. It is here you will be told all of the shots you will be needing, your basic schedule, and other essential information. You will of course need current CPR training, and successfully pass criminal background checks and drug screens. This will be a hair follicle test, and let me forewarn you, Tar, Velocity 9, and Venom usage will all show up. Before being allowed into clinicals, you must have had a TB and Ivy Spoor screen, and provide proof of immunization against influenza, as well as a current tetanus booster. You must be immunized or have initiated a run for MMR, HepB, Varicella, and the Legacy Virus.

Total costs for all three semesters of our Licensed Practical Nurse program run about $5,000 and cover one calender year's worth of full time education. Your semester must be paid in full one week before the start of classes, or your registration will be put on hold, and eventually dropped. Books will run approximately $800. Barring your having taken Nutrition and Anatomy & Physiology earlier in the year, that will amount to five classes in the first semester covering 6-10 hour days, excluding lunches and breaks. These classes will begin two weeks following the orientation.

I wish you all the best of luck, and hope you will fully prepare yourselves before entering this daunting program.

Best,
L. Thompkins

Nursing History in the DC Universe

It may come as a surprise to the modern public, but nursing does not have the most reputable history. Growing out of the stereotypical woman's role of caretaker, outside of those with divine callings like nuns, nurses were typically among the dregs of society. It was low skilled labor for people willing to expose themselves to the ill for little to no money. There wasn't much in the way of formal training until the 19th century, and the respect afforded to nurses has been a fairly recent development. As this has become a field of interest to me, I thought it might be fun to take a walk through nursing history as it might be reflected in the DC Universe...

The Golden Rule: Popularized in various forms throughout the world, including ancient Babylon, Egypt, Greece, and amongst the followers of Buddhism, Confucianism, Hinduism, Taoism, and more. One of the most basic ethical tenants in any society.

Pre-and-Post Common Era (A.D.): Hillel the Elder taught the Jewish people the virtues of cleanliness, brotherly love, honesty, charity, humility, patience and a gentle demeanor. Most importantly, he explained "What is hateful to you, do not do to your fellow: this is the whole Torah; the rest is the explanation; go and learn" Jesus Christ extended this teaching to the gentiles, with "Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself" and the story of the Good Samaritan. Marcus, the Golden Gladiator, active in Rome.



3^rd - 4^th Century: In the Roman Empire, several wealthy matrons converted to Christianity and established houses to care for the ill and destitute through a unisex staff. Under the influence of St. Jerome, Saint Fabiola was among their number. The Deaconess groups were suppressed by Western churches in the Middle Ages, but would resurface occasionally over the centuries.

1095-1272: Orders of crusader knights aided wounded comrades in battle, and built hospitals which established health administration standards throughout Europe. Among them were the Teutonic Knights and the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem, also known as the Knights Hospitaller. The Knights of St. Lazarus were dedicated to caring for syphilitics, lepers, and those with chronic skin conditions. The Sacred Order of Saint Dumas were not so charitable, and broke with the Knights Templar before their dissolution and absorption into the Knights Hospitaller.

1633: The Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul founded by St. Louise de Marillac and its namesake. Among those in their care are victims of The Blood Red Moon, a group of vampires led by Mary Seward.



1645: First North American hospital founded in Montreal by Jeanne Mance.

Mid-to-Late 18th Century: Rabia Choraya, the highest paid and most respected woman in the Moroccan Army, served as head nurse during the French & Indian War.

James Derham was born into slavery and owned by several doctors. One, Dr. Robert Love, encouraged Derham to practice medicine.

Bess Lynn acted as a traveling frontier nurse who privately seethed against the British. Fearing reprisal against her family, Lynn assumed the costumed identity of Miss Liberty to fight a patriotic battle for the United States in the American Revolutionary War. Miss Liberty was occasionally joined by Tomahawk and Dan Hunter, who found her body crushed under the Liberty Bell during a battle with Hessian troops.

1783: James Derham bought his freedom from money earned as a nurse. While still in his twenties, he opened a successful medical practice. Derham is recognized as the first African-American to formally practice medicine in the U.S., although he lacked any degrees. An expert in throat diseases and the relationship between climate and illness, Derham mysteriously disappeared in 1802, leaving behind no family.



Early-To-Mid 19^th: Effective tribal nursing saved Lazarus Lane after his being struck by lightning, although the trauma led to his becoming the masked vigilante El Diablo. Improper tribal nursing contributed to Jonah Hex's face.

1836: Theodore Fliedner reinstituted the Order of Deaconesses through a small German hospital, where Florence Nightingale would eventual receive training.

1854: Soldiers in the Crimean War suffered such inadequate medical care that it caused a public outcry in Great Britain. Florence Nightingale was asked to help with the problem, and with her female nursing staff, affected miraculous change. Through the use of sanitary practices, Nightingale managed to reduce mortality rates in some areas by as much as 40%. "The Lady with the Lamp" offered continuous care, checking on her charges through the night. Nightingale was the first nurse to wield enough political influence to pressure a government, and championed an institutional commitment to documentation and precaution against the spread of infectious disease. Nightingale literally wrote the book for early nursing theory, and used a £4500 honorarium from the British people to develop the Nightingale Training School for Nurses in 1860.



1861–1865: Escaped slave and "Underground Railroad" conductor Harriet Tubman worked for the Union Army as a cook, nurse, armed scout and spy. Sojourner Truth also provided care to fugitive slaves.

"Mother" Mary Ann Bickerdyke served as chief of nursing under Union General Ulysses S. Grant. Outspoken and determined, no authority could come between her and the best care for her boys. Mother Bickerdyke was revered by all, setting up many hospitals and helping sort out veterans issues after the war.

Clara Barton established an agency to obtain and distribute medical supplies to Union soldiers, and was heavily involved in the treatment of their casualties during the war. Barton was also placed in charge of finding missing Union soldiers.

Dorothea Dix served as Superintendent of Army Nurses, although her equal care for Confederate soldiers endeared her to few in the North. She would later lobby for the construction of the first American mental institutions.

Sally Louisa Tompkins, a philanthropic nurse, sponsored a hospital to treat Confederate soldiers. Tompkins was commissioned as a captain, and the only woman to serve as a member of the Confederate States Army.

Authors Walt Whitman and Louisa May Alcott both served as nurses for stints.

1873: Linda Richards became the first professionally trained nurse from the United States. Richards introduced nurse's notes, doctor's orders and the practice of nurses wearing uniforms.

1879: Mary Mahoney became the first professionally trained African-American nurse in the United States, and would champion equal opportunities for minorities in the field.

1881: Clara Baron founded the American Red Cross, and served as its first president. The following year, the Geneva Convention allowed links to the International Red Cross and operation in time of peace.

1893: Lillian Wald coined the term "public health nurse" while beginning to care for low income patients. Wald herself lived in the slums to provide better and more immediate care. This grew to include all manner of social work out of the Henry Street Settlement and Visiting Nurse Service.

The Nightingale Pledge was introduced.



1911: Elizabeth Kenny began her earliest work on polio treatment, to which she would devote decades, earning world renown, and elevating the public opinion of nursing.

1915: British nurse Edith Cavell executed by firing squad for aiding in the escape of two-hundred Allied soldiers. Hans Von Hammer wept.

1916: Public health nurse and activist Margaret Higgins Sanger saw publication of the far reaching sexual health pamphlet What Every Girl Should Know. Max Mercury heartily approved of her sneaking diaphragms into the country. The same year, Sanger was imprisoned for thirty days after opening the first birth control information clinic in the U.S.



1920: The 19th Amendment passed, thanks to the help of feminists like nurse Lavinia Dock, who also campaigned in favor of legislation for nurses to be governed by themselves, rather than physicians. Dock co-founded the precursor to the modern National League for Nursing.

1921: American Birth Control League founded by Margaret Higgins Sanger, who would finally open a legal birth control clinic in 1923. Sanger would later be considered the founder of Planned Parenthood.

1925: Pioneer nurse Mary Breckinridge founded the Frontier Nursing Service, and would develop one of the U.S.'s first midwifery schools.

1938: The Nurses Memorial in Arlington National Cemetery was erected in order to honor the fallen caregivers of World War I. The first super-heroes began to appear.

World War II: Lacking enough nurses to care for the large number of casualties, auxiliary care givers like "practical" nurses were called to aid, under the supervision of more fully trained/experienced nurses.

1942: Twenty-one Australian nurses were massacred by the Japanese on Banka Island. Meanwhile, Princess Diana of Paradise Island becomes a nurse.

1951: Vocational Nursing standards established in the United States, creating the LPN/LVN designation. The Justice Society of America disbanded rather than unmask before HUAC.



1965: Introduction of the role of nurse practitioner.

Vietnam War: Of 11,000 American servicewomen station in country, 90% were nurses. Most volunteered straight out of school, and all are honored by the Women's Vietnam Memorial near Washington, D.C.

A bit of peas in the potatoes, but I needed to study, and don't you feel enriched?